Who appoints federal judges? How are new judgeships created? What are the qualifications for becoming a federal judge? How is a chief judge selected? What is a senior judge? What are bankruptcy judges? How are they appointed? What are federal magistrate judges? The Court also has original jurisdiction over limited types of cases, including those involving ambassadors and other diplomats, and in cases between states.
Although the Supreme Court may hear an appeal on any question of law provided it has jurisdiction, it usually does not hold trials. Lower courts are obligated to follow the precedent set by the Supreme Court when rendering decisions. In almost all instances, the Supreme Court does not hear appeals as a matter of right; instead, parties must petition the Court for a writ of certiorari.
Of the approximately 7, requests for certiorari filed each year, the Court usually grants cert to fewer than These are typically cases that the Court considers sufficiently important to require their review; a common example is the occasion when two or more of the federal courts of appeals have ruled differently on the same question of federal law. Before issuing a ruling, the Supreme Court usually hears oral arguments, where the various parties to the suit present their arguments and the Justices ask them questions.
If the case involves the federal government, the Solicitor General of the United States presents arguments on behalf of the United States. The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution provide additional protections for those accused of a crime. These include:. Criminal proceedings can be conducted under either state or federal law, depending on the nature and extent of the crime. A criminal legal procedure typically begins with an arrest by a law enforcement officer.
If a grand jury chooses to deliver an indictment, the accused will appear before a judge and be formally charged with a crime, at which time he or she may enter a plea.
The defendant is given time to review all the evidence in the case and to build a legal argument. Who was the oldest Associate Justice appointed? Who was the oldest person to serve on the Supreme Court?
Have any Justices been born in another country? Has anyone ever served as both President and Chief Justice? Who was the first Jewish Supreme Court Justice? Who was the first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice? Who was the first woman to serve as a Supreme Court Justice? Have any Supreme Court Justices had the same name?
The first served from to The second, his grandson, served from to Have any Supreme Court Justices served as law clerks? Justice Gorsuch is the first to have served as a member of the Court alongside a Justice for whom he clerked. What law schools did the present Justices graduate from?
Why do Justices wear black robes? Judicial robes have long been thought to bring dignity and solemnity to judicial proceedings. Following the custom of English judges, some American colonial judges adopted the wearing of robes along with many other customs and principles of the English common law system. When the Supreme Court first met in , the Justices had not settled on whether to wear robes, but in February they did appear in a standard set of robes for the first time, which one reporter referred to as "robes of justice.
They were only used for a few years before the Justices adopted all black robes. If you want to become a justice on the Supreme Court, the highest federal court in the United States, three things have to happen.
You have to be nominated by the president of the United States, your nomination needs to be approved by the Senate, and finally, the president must formally appoint you to the court. Because the Constitution doesn't specify any qualifications, in other words, that there's no age, education, profession, or even native-born citizenship requirement, a president can nominate any individual to serve.
So far, six justices have been foreign-born, at least one never graduated from high school, and another was only 32 years old when he joined the bench.
Most presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological view, so a president with a liberal ideology will tend to appoint liberals to the court. Of course, a justice's leanings are not always so predictable. Instead, Warren's judgements have gone down as some of the most liberal in the Court's history. Eisenhower later remarked on that appointment as "the biggest damned-fool mistake" he ever made.
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